Efforts of Community Adaptation to Deal with Tidal Floods on The Meulaboh Coastline

Most of Indonesia's territory is geographically located in the coastal area. One of the areas located in the coastal area is the city of Meulaboh, West Aceh Regency. The coastal area of Meulaboh often experiences tidal flooding, especially the coastal area of Gampong Pasir and has a quite severe impact compared to other areas on the coast of Meulaboh. Based on this background, this study aims to identify community adaptation to the tidal flood event based on community responses in the coastal area and identify efforts to mitigate the impact of tidal floods that have been carried out by the community and the government. The analytical methods used are descriptive quantitative and qualitative analysis methods, as well as cross-tabulation analysis related to community adaptation variables, which include community characteristics, the impact of tidal floods on the residential environment, identification of tidal flood conditions and efforts to mitigate the impact of tidal floods, carried out by the community and the government. The results showed that the people of the coastal area of Meulaboh were able to make efforts to deal with tidal floods in the form of repairing road networks, residential houses, drainage channels, places of worship (mosques), village offices, and clean water and sanitation systems. The government's efforts to deal with tidal floods are carried out by making barriers to protect the coast through tetrapod. These results are important to take future action to deal with tidal floods.


INTRODUCTION
The population of coastal areas is predicted to double at the beginning of the next century [1].On the other hand, threats to coastal settlements increase along with rising sea levels in an average manner affecting the world's coastal urban areas [2].An increase in population will increase the urban area and require proper planning and management of the area [3], [4].Most of Indonesia's territory is geographically located in the coastal zone [5].One of Indonesia's regions, located in the coastal area, is the city of Meulaboh [6].Most of the Meulaboh City area is on the coast, and the elevation of the coastal land is lower than the sea level.The decrease in the land surface was caused by the tsunami waves that occurred in 2004.In addition to the tsunami disaster, the cause of rising sea levels is global climate change [7].This has an impact in the form of tidal floods in the coastal area of the city of Meulaboh.
The increase in tides (tidal floods) that occurred in the coastal area of Meulaboh City was very severe and has occurred very frequently, so that several areas affected by flooding include Suak Indra Puri, Gampong Pasir, Ujung Kalak and Suak Ribe which are in Johan District Heroes, Aceh Regency West [8].In July 2020 the height of the tidal flood reached 80-100 cm and submerged at least 42 houses of Gampong Pasir residents with details of 2 houses damaged, 14 houses moderately damaged and 26 houses lightly damaged resulting in 512 people (121 families) [9].Among the areas affected by the worst flooding is the Gampong Pasir area, which is only 30 meters from the beach surface, which has an area of ± 5 hectares with a population of 446 people [10].In terms of the distance commensurate with the coastline, Gampong Pasir has a very large potential risk of the impact of tidal flooding, in the form of large losses for the community, both in health, economic and social terms [11].
Tidal floods are detrimental to physical, social, economic and environmental conditions [12].The negative impact of tidal floods in the Gampong Pasir village area is indicated by the damage to community assets such as houses, facilities, and infrastructure as well as other social facilities.Economic losses experienced by the community in the form of a decrease in monetary value due to trauma and failure of natural resources and sources of income.A further impact obtained from tidal flooding on the physical environment is the expansion of the tidal inundation area which results in changes to the coastal ecosystem, a decrease in the coastline and the amount of damage to coastal protection structures.
In a case study of tidal flooding along the coast of the city of Meulaboh, Johan Pahlawan subdistrict, Aceh Province, Indonesia, it was identified that the flooding that occurred was not too high, the height of the inundation of tidal floods that often occurred only reached 0.5 meters to 0.8 meters, and not endanger human life.However, it happens frequently, and the flood disturbs the activities of the community.So the government made a policy related to tidal flooding and efforts to deal with tidal flooding by constructing coastal protection structures starting from sandbags made on the coast of Suak Indrapuri village, concrete buildings built in parts of the Suak Indrapuri beach area and Pasir Beach.However, all coastal protection buildings experience changes in the shape of the structure due to the very frequent tidal market.In 2020 the government will also make efforts to tackle tidal flooding and coastal abrasion by building tetrapods, so they are able to withstand coastal abrasion and sea tides.However, only part of the effort can be completed.Meanwhile, the coastal area of Pasir still experiences sea tides and negative impacts on the community and the environment.
In addition to the tetrapod building as a solution to withstand coastal abrasion, the West Aceh District Government has proposed to relocate residents affected by tidal floods to reserved land belonging to the West Aceh District government, which is a safer location, this is prioritized for people whose homes are very close to the shoreline and the condition of the house also suffered a lot of damage.Even though the relocation plan has been planned by the government, there are still many residents who are still living in that location.The reason for the residents is because Gampong Pasir is their birthplace which has united in the hearts of the residents.
Based on the above background, this study aims, namely 1) Identify community adaptation to the impact of tidal flooding based on community responses in the Pasir coastal area.This study provides important information about the habits of the people in areas affected by tidal floods, 2) Identify efforts to mitigate the impact of tidal floods that have been carried out by the community and the government, so as to produce appropriate efforts to address the tidal flood problem.

LITERATURE REVIEW Tidal Floods and Climate Change
Tidal floods are tidal disasters caused by seawater inundation/seawater rising to the ground surface due to tides [13], [14].Sea level rise will have a big and dangerous impact on coastal areas in the coming year.Tidal floods cause various impacts, including damage to transportation, damage to residential buildings, groundwater sanitation, loss of land, and damage to vehicles or office equipment [15], [16].
The IPCC Institute (2007) predicts that sea levels in Indonesia will rise 100 cm due to increased sea water temperature from 1.3 C to 4.6 C in 2100.This is evidenced by the increasing expansion of coastal areas inundated by tidal floods (floods) which results in the coastal environment being damaged and destroying coastal protection structures [17].
Land subsidence is a fundamental cause of the increased risk of tidal flooding [18].Land subsidence occurs as a result of the scouring of sedimentary material due to a lack of action on coastal preservation and protection that should be carried out by the world community [19].
The tidal flooding in Meulaboh was caused by two factors: natural and human factors.The tidal floods are caused by natural factors, namely, rising sea levels and decreasing land levels caused by sea tides [20], [21].Increasing world temperatures and the effects of global warming are the causes of sea level rise and climate change in lowland and coastal areas [22].While the causes of tidal floods are caused by human factors, excessive pumping of groundwater, coastal reclamation and exploitation of coastal land [23].

Impact and its Adaptation of Tidal Floods
According to R. Rahmad, et all [24], tidal floods impact damage to residential buildings and land surfaces, which can carry seawater intrusion.As a result of the frequent occurrence of tides, more and more land on the beach sinks and cannot be used anymore because the soil elements it contains are different, impacting people's income.Pollution from flood waters has caused parents to worry about children's health problems.
According R. J. Nicholls [25] mentions Four actions to reduce the impact of coastal flooding: • Mitigation of climate change by slowing down climate change by reducing greenhouse gases • Avoid human enhancement in areas prone to subsidence.
• Controlling coastal population growth to avoid flooded mainland locations.Impact of tidal floods, the government concentrates on community adaptation.The act of adapting to climate change involves individuals attempting to decrease their weaknesses and limitations, or enhance their ability to cope, based on anticipated or observed climate variations.
Robust floods can lead to the increased potential risk of several hazards, including shoreline erosion, inundation of wetlands, and coastal flooding during storm events, which have a significant impact on a large number of coastal communities worldwide [26], [27].
According to R. Rahmad, et all [24], Adaptation is a strategy that humans use throughout their lives to respond to environmental and social changes.Those adapted by the community are: • Settlement adaptation.Adaptations made by coastal communities by making embankments, elevating houses and roofs, raising the floors of houses, and making waterways around the house.• Availability of clean water adaptation.This adaptation needs to be done because the tidal flood has an impact on the salinity and quality of water in the area, so that people need clean water that is suitable for consumption.

Tidal Flood Countermeasures
According to H. Hawing [28], in flood disaster management, resources are needed (human resources, equipment used, and sources of funds), as well as public awareness in disaster management efforts.According to A. Hidayat, et all [29] in the study said that to overcome coastal problems, coastal protection buildings are needed.To prevent the occurrence of coastal problems and reduce the impact of disasters that occur, several tidal flood studies have been conducted based on observing land subsidence [30] and tidal flood inundation modeling [31], [32] and the impact of tidal flooding on physical and social environmental conditions [33] as well as mitigation efforts to prevent the spread of tidal waves [34].In addition to the studies above, studies related to correlative approaches to causative factors, risk magnitude and monitoring of flood levels must be carried out to formulate appropriate procedures and mitigation measures [35].

Research sites
This research was conducted in the coastal area of Meulaboh, Johan Pahlawan District, West Aceh Regency, on the coast of the Indian Ocean.The city of Meulaboh has areas which are located on the coast, namely Suak Ribe, Ujung Kala, Gampong Pasir.The location map can be seen in Figure 1.Those areas are located along the coast and have beautiful beaches.The Suak Ribe area has Suak Ribe Beach, the Ujung Kalak area has Bate Puteh Beach, the gampong Pasir area has Pasir Beach.The Suak Indra Puri area has Ujung Karang beach.Among the four areas, the most frequently experiencing tidal flooding due to sea tides and having the most severe impact is the coastal area of Gampong Pasir, because the distance between the settlement and the beach is 30 meters.This area has an area of ± 5 Ha with a population of 446 people or 122 families.The housing conditions in Gampong Pasir are very dense compared to other areas, so that if a tidal flood occurs it can cause very severe losses and losses.

Research Methods
The data used in this research are primary data and secondary data.Primary data were obtained from direct interviews with the government and randomly selected residents, including farmers, private employees, entrepreneurs, public employees, and civil servants.Apart from interviews, data was also obtained from Focus Group Discussions.The parameters used in the interviews related to people's income, education, age, home ownership status, the impact of tidal floods related to health, clean water quality, infrastructure, sanitation, and tidal flood disaster management.
This research method is a qualitative and quantitative approach in which all data is collected and analyzed simultaneously to complement each other.The sampling technique used in the interviews was a non-probability sampling technique using purposive sampling.Purposive sampling is a technique with certain aspects [36].A random sampling technique was used in the survey.The population size was taken based on the number of families in the Pasir village area (122 families).For the research sample, 56 families were obtained.In this study, the sample criteria for interviews were the head of the family or a representative, over 17 years old and educated.
The analytical method used is descriptive quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis methods and cross-tabulation analysis.Quantitative descriptive is a method used to explain the information obtained from the questionnaire results with tables, pie charts or graphs to support the information.At the same time, descriptive qualitative is a method used to explore the results of interviews and findings in the field and the crosstab method (cross-tabulation).In this study, we want to know the presentation of cross-tabulation values related to community adaptation variables which include community characteristics, the impact of tidal floods on the residential environment, the Identification of Robust Flood Conditions, and the Identification of Flood Impact Mitigation Measures Carried out by the Community and the Government Research sites.

Identification of Community Adaptation to the Impact of Tidal Floods
The tidal flood hazard conditions were identified and described through field observations and community information through interviews.Observation studies carried out direct observations at the research location by looking at the condition of the land and sea surfaces and reviewing the damage to infrastructure in the Gampong Pasir area.While interviews were conducted with the government and 56 families/houses.From the results of this study, we will discuss the characteristics of the community, the characteristics of the residential environment, the causes of tidal floods, tidal flood conditions in the Gampong Pasir area, the impact of the community on tidal flooding, and the countermeasures that have been carried out by the community.In this section, it is explained the results of research and at the same time is given the comprehensive discussion.Results can be presented in figures, graphs, tables and others that make the reader understand easily.

Identification of Community Characteristic Levels
The characteristics of the people in the Gampong Pasir area were found out by identifying the population, education, employment, income, and home ownership status.Based on the results of observations in Gampong Pasir villagers, the majority are indigenous people who have lived for more than 10 years, and for the status of home ownership, 75% are privately owned, while 25% are leased.The number of occupants in 1 house/family is more than 2 people, led by 1 head of family.The level of education of the residents of the Gampong Pasir village settlement is 80% of the population with a high school education or equivalent, 5% with a Diploma III education, and 15% with a bachelor's degree.Based on the results of observation and identification of the work of Gampong Pasir villagers, 8.9% are farmers, 21% are fishermen, 11% are civil servants, 7% are private/industry employees, and 52% are self-employed.84% of Gampong Pasir people's income earns Rp. 1,000,000.00to Rp. 3,000,000 per month, while 16% earn Rp. 3,000,000.00to Rp. 5,000,000.00per month.It can be seen in figure 2 Graph of Community Characteristic Levels.

Identification of The Impact of Tidal Floods on The Residential Environment
Another impact caused by tidal floods is damage to the residential environment in the form of damage to infrastructure, namely damage to roads, residential buildings, drainage, religious buildings, village office buildings, the clean water system, and the sanitation system.Based on field observations, the infrastructure damage due to tidal flooding can be seen in the Table 1 below:

Identification of Tidal Flood Conditions
The Gampong Pasir area is an area that is very close to the shoreline.When a tidal flood occurs, all settlements and infrastructure are submerged due to sea tides.Based on survey results and interviews in a year, tidal floods can occur 1 to 3 times a year, as can be seen in the graph below (Figure 3).

The depth of Tidal Flood
Based on the results of surveys and interviews.Tidal floods in the Gampong Pasir area had a depth of 0 meters to 1 meter.In a year, floods can occur up to 3 times, with a flood depth of 0.51 meters to 1 meter.The duration of the flood inundation that arises during the tidal flood is 1 hour to 12 hours, based on the interview results.In 2020, tidal floods inundated residents' settlements for 24 hours.The following picture 4 graphic image shows the duration of inundation when a flood occurs.

Identification Of Efforts to Mitigate the Impact of The Tidal
Based on the observations that have been made, the people of Gampong Pasir are able to manage their lives to adapt in an effort to deal with floods.Efforts are being made in the form of tidal flood prevention in residential areas, besides that the community is also trying to save village infrastructure to avoid tidal floods.Not only did the community participate in efforts to deal with tidal floods, but the people of the West Aceh District Government also participated in efforts to overcome tidal floods by making alternative embankments to prevent tidal flooding.The following are the efforts made by the community and government in tackling the tidal flood that occurred.

Tidal Flood Management Carried Out by The Community
Based on the level of education and income, the community is able to overcome the impact of the tidal flood individually or in mutual cooperation.The results of the study show that community participation in mitigating the impact of tidal floods plays an active role.The following are the efforts made by the community.

• Road Network Improvement
Based on the results of observations of the road network, 96.43% of the efforts made by the community were cleaning the sedimentation of sea sand that covered the surface of residential roads.As for the repair of the main road damaged by the tidal flood there has been no repair, due to limited budget for road repair costs with a percentage of 3.57%.

• Residential repairs
The handling of the house where they live depend on the income of each family.In general, the community made efforts to deal with tidal flooding by raising the floor of the building by 20cm -50cm based on the results of the interviews.This effort was carried out by 100% of the community, 62.50% of the community replaced the ground floor material with ceramic.This has been done by 82.14% of the population in the Gampong Pasir area.

• Improvement of Drainage Channels
As a result of the tidal flood, the bottom of the drainage becomes shallow, there is sediment and sand deposition which must be dredged.The mitigation efforts carried out by the entire community were in the form of cleaning the drainage by dredging the drainage from sedimentation, reactivating the pump house to reduce tidal inundation (57.14%).The condition of the drainage wall was also damaged, but the community did not make optimal repairs due to limited funds.
• Place of Worship (Mosque) and village office Based on observations of the efforts made by the community towards the mosque and village office buildings, the actions taken were the same, namely 82.14% of the community cleaned the building from piles of sand/sediments due to tidal floods, 76.79% of the community elevating the floor of the building by 50 cm.71.43% of the people patched and painted porous walls and repainted rusty and porous doors and windows.
• Clean water and sanitation systems Based on observations and interviews for damage to the clean water system of the regular WTP network, the WTP stepped in to repair it, while 41.07% of the community used wells by draining wells to get clean water.While for the sanitation system 73.21% of the people have made it higher than the bottom of the floor and the bottom of the beach.Below we can see the percentage level of efforts to overcome the tidal flood carried out by the community ss shown in Figure 5 below.

Efforts To Counter Flood Tidal Carried Out by The Government
Efforts to deal with tidal floods by the West Aceh Regency government have been carried out very often.The West Aceh District Government made several efforts to deal with tidal surges by building coastal defence buildings, starting with manufacturing geo bags, Buis Beton and Tetrapots.All coastal defence structures are designed to undergo structural changes due to sea wave abrasion.
Based on the results of observations in the early stages of countermeasures carried out by the government and the community in overcoming the tidal flood problem, the form of making embankments from Geobags arranged along the Suak Indrapuri and Pasir beaches.Geobag is one of the materials used for the primary prevention of abrasion and tidal flooding, which may occur at any time; using geotags is essential as a breakwater for sea waves so that tides do not happen.But with frequent surges, the bag is lost and eroded by seawater.At the research location, only a few bags are left, and they no longer function as coastal protection structures to resist abrasion and sea tides.Geobag conditions can be seen in Figure 6.After the geobags failed to cope with the tides and tidal flooding, the government constructed a concrete building, a barrier in the form of a ring well that was cast and laid out along the sandy beach.Even so, this substantial building also lasted only a short time.The concrete embankment of Buis was eroded by seawater, and only part of it remained.The number is still 30 per cent behind it, and now it needs to be fixed because the buisconcrete structure has been damaged.The condition can be seen in Figure 7. Based on the results of interviews in 2020, the West Aceh District Government, the Aceh Provincial Government and the Sungai Laut Office have made various efforts to deal with tidal flooding on sandy beaches.However, every time it is hit by erosion and seawater tides or tidal floods, the embankment that has been built is damaged.So that the West Aceh District government needs a unique construction that can be used as a coastal protection building so that the problem of tidal flooding can be maximized.The beach protection structures built are tetrapods that still survive in the Suak Indrapuri and Gampong Pasir beach areas.Tetrapot is a concrete structure that has 4 sides which are cylindrical on each side; the tetrapod shape can break waves so that energy from breaking waves can be channeled from the legs of the tetrapod.
But not all tetrapod buildings have been built in the Gampong Pasir area, only 210 meters long, and have been able to reduce tidal flooding that often occurs in the Gampong Pasir area.The following is a picture of the tetrapod found at the study site, which can be seen in Figure 8 and Figure 9. Up until now, both the government and the community have implemented different measures to address tidal flooding.Moreover, Indonesia is very vulnerable to climate change which will threaten human life [37]- [40].In further response to this issue, both the government and the community can take several actions to mitigate the impact of such events in the future.Governments can invest in early warning systems that can predict the likelihood of a tidal flooding event and provide ample time for residents to evacuate.Early warning systems can also help authorities to plan and coordinate emergency response efforts, and to allocate resources more effectively in order to minimize the impact of flooding [41].
Governments can also invest in research and development in flood modeling to improve our understanding of the causes and effects of tidal flooding.This can include developing new technologies and approaches to flood prevention and mitigation [42]- [44].Before any infrastructure investment is undertaken, an Economic Feasibility Study must be conducted to assess the viability of the project [45].

CONCLUSION
Tidal floods that occur in Gampong Pasir are regular activities which occur annually with an average inundation height of 0.5 meters to 1 meter, with an average inundation duration of 12 hours.The tidal flood problem has an impact on community adaptation and damage to the residential environment in the form of damage to infrastructure, namely damage to roads, damage to residential buildings, damage to drainage, damage to worship facilities, damage to village office buildings, damage to the clean water system, damage to the sanitation system.The tidal flood event enabled the people of the Pasir village to manage their lives to adapt to tidal floods.Efforts were made to repair the road network, repair residential houses, repair Drainage Channels, repair places of worship (mosques) and village offices and improve the clean water and sanitation system.The district government of West Aceh also participated in trying to overcome tidal floods by building embankments to protect the coast.Embankments that were once built were in the form of geobag and buis concrete, but these embankments cannot function as coastal protection structures that can reduce abrasion and sea tides.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Graph of Community Characteristic Levels

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Tidal flood events that occur within a year

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Depth and Time Span of Tidal Floods

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Three Phase System Simulation Results

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Condition of Buis Concrete that is Still Lagging Behind

Table 1 .
Damage Infrastructure